Effects of the Stoop Effect on Response Time - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1713 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2018/12/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Abstract In a research using the Stroop task to demonstrate Stroop interference, the present study analyzed the response time in different conditions and compared the incongruent condition to the facilitated condition. The purpose of the Stroop effect experiment is to ascertain our attentional capabilities in terms of variability and flexibility. Therefore, if various words were displayed in different color ink with the color on the words different, we definably will have difficult time telling the words apart from the color. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of the Stoop Effect on Response Time" essay for you Create order There were 150 participants involved in this experiment. The participant was required to look at the colored words and the color on the ink while ignoring actual words. The results were that the reaction time was high and few errors were made in that congruent condition. At the end of the study, it is conclusive that when the process of reading is a simple automatic process, simple tasks like color identification becomes difficult for a person Introduction Stroop effect is one of the phenomena in cognitive science and psychology. Introduced in 1935, Stroop effect originated from theory of the automatic process. We are used to some of the processing activities until we have gotten used to them and have become automatic. for instance, driving a car, typing. These processes have formed part of our automatic response unit, where they are unavoidable, fast and does not require ant attention. Stroop had a belief that identification may be part of automatic process. He argues his belief by conducting an experiment where participants had to read sequence of words printed rapidly. It was noted that naming slowed down when colors and names conflicted. The Stroop effect suggests that extraction of words meanings happened as participants were not attempting to process it.332hbs the prefinal scoop effect was found. Effects of the Stoop Effect on Response Time The Stroop effect has been and still is one important topic in experimental Psychology. The Stoop task is still used today to study several other topics and to investigate the effects of many different things on the human and animal mind. The Stroop Effect is a test used to demonstrate the reaction time of a task. Because of its versatile nature, it can be used to determine the effect of various variables on response time†and therefore the processing time†, illustrating differences between automatic processing versus conscious visual control. In this paper, I aim to analyze the findings of our own Stroop task performed in our Research Methods in Psychology class at Florida Atlantic University, and tie that to previous experiments done in the past. I aim to explore similarities and differences between our experiment and theirs and to examine the variables involved in our experiment and what they mean to the overall results of the Stroop Effect. The Stroop effect is tested using two or more groups of words that match the other groups in frequency (Thorndike and Lorge 1944), number of letters, and number of syllables. I can be presented in many different ways, which allows for experimenters to use it in various different scenarios and dealing with several different matters. The independent variables can be the sex of the participants, or whether they are smokers or not†as seen in the research articleNicotine abstinence produces content-specific Stroop interference by Todd M. Gross, Murray E. Jarvik, and Marvin R. Rosenblatt†, level of tiredness, age, and many others. For that reason, in order to avoid confounding variables, the experimenter must be very careful to keep all the other variables constant. The dependent variable is the response time†the time it takes the participants to finish the task. METHOD Participants One hundred and fifteen participants (98 female, 17 male) whose average age was 21.9 years (range = 16-53) completed the experimental task. The participants were recruited from an undergraduate level research methods course. The participants got course credit for their participation in the study. I was a participant in this study. Participants were treated in accordance with the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American Psychological Association, 1992) Materials Reaction times were measured using a timer on the projector, and all participants participated at the same time. We used a printout to present stimuli consisting either of Arabic numerals (1,2,3) or crosses (+). Both sets of either numerals or crosses could be made to appear in groups of one, two, or three identical figures. The naming condition caused no interference, as the participants only had to read the number out loud (2 = saytwo out loud). The counting condition also produced no interference, as the participants only had to count the number of crosses out loud (+++ = saythree out loud). The incongruent counting condition, on the other hand, caused interference because the participant had to count how many numbers were shown, while reading a different number (2222 = sayfour out loud). And the congruent counting condition caused facilitation as the number of numbers counted was the same as the name of the number (4444 = sayfour out loud). Each list had 32 numbers presented in a column (one per page), printed on 4 different sheets of 8.5 x 11 paper (12 pt font, centered on each page). Numbers were randomized on each list and were the same across all participants. Procedure The experiment was performed in an in-class setting. The instructions were given by the professor. All participants were supposed to count out loud the number of symbols (Arabic numbers or crosses) as fast as possible and record the time taken to finish each task (each list of numbers). Participants were paired in groups of two, and while one person read the numbers, the other recorded the time. There were 4 different conditions: a naming condition (no interference), a counting condition (no interference), an incongruent counting condition (interference), and a congruent counting condition (facilitation). All the participants participated in all four conditions, and in the same order. The task was to r ead the number, count the quantity, ignore the number identity for counting conditions, and count the number of digits. The independent variable was the level of congruence in number/symbol lists (IV had 4 levels (incongruent, congruent, reading, counting) and the dependent variable wa s the reaction time (in seconds) for each list. all participants were also experimenters and are authors. RESULTS The incongruent counting list took participants the longest to complete. The reading list took the shortest time. The neutral counting list and the congruent list had similar results, as seen in Table 1. We had 115 participants, of which 17 were male and 98 were female. The age range was 16-53, and the mean 21.9. We ran a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine if the means were significantly different in each condition and found that F (3,456) = 172.9, p 0.0001, as seen in Figure 1. We conducted a Tukeys HSD post-hoc test to find out which means were significantly different (seen in Table 1). The Tukeys HSD post-hoc test was conducted to determine if the incongruent counting list would cause Stroop interference, and thus a longer response time. We found that there was a significant difference between the reading list (M=11.6, SD=1.7) and the neutral counting list (M=13.8, SD=2.3), between the reading list (M=11.6, SD=1.7) and the incongruent counting list (M=18.9, SD=3.6) , between the reading list (M=11.6, SD=1.7) and the congruent counting list (M=13.2, SD=2.4), between the neutral counting list (M=13.8, SD=2.3) and the incongruent counting list (M=18.9, SD=3.6), and between the incongruent counting list (M=18.9, SD=3.6) and the congruent counting list (M=13.2, SD=2.4). The difference was NOT significant between the neutral counting list (M=13.8, SD=2.3) and the congruent counting list (M=13.2, SD=2.4). Discussion In this study, our goal was to determine rather or not the Stroop task would cause Stroop interference or not, and from that, to be able to measure how much interference was caused and possible reasons why. The main finding of this study was that the incongruence in what the participants read and what they are required to say out loud caused Stroop interference. We determined that the participants had the least problem to read the numbers being presented to them (reading list) and had the most problem (had a longer response time) to count the number of numerals being presented when the name of the numerals were not the same as the number of numerals (incongruent counting list). The findings were in accordance with the findings presented in Windesstudy of Reaction Time for Numerical Coding and Naming of Numerals. Although in the Windesresearch, he states that the results offer no clear answer he also states that there are possible sources of delay in naming stimuli and those are identification-task conflict and response conflict. The limitations of the study were that we were not able to separate age groups and analyze the different data separately, and instead, our age group was very broad, with a few outliers. We also we not able to conduct the experiment more than once and compare the results. Another limitation of this study could be that we did not control all other possible variables such as smoking, level of tiredness, and if participants had caffeine prior to the experiment or not. From this study, it is possible to conclude that the incongruent condition was the slowest, and this supports our hypothesis that an incongruence in the list would cause a Stroop interference. There was no significant difference between the neutral counting and congruent counting conditions because they do not provide any sort of facilitation or interference. Conclusion This experiment, the problem and question are to carry out a word influence of what we sew and how our brains have handled mixed messages. The main reason behind our hypotheses is that we did a research on this topic and came up with our hypothesis. our hypothesis is that if reaction of the people against time doesnt change in the same range, then words are great influencer in what we are able to see and that the brain does not handle mixed signals as well. References Perret, P. Ducrot, S. Psychonomic Bulletin Review (2010) 17: 550. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.4.550 Windes, J.D. (1968). Reaction Time for Numerical Coding and Naming of Numerals. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 78(2), 318-322. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review.? Psychological bulletin,? 109(2), 163. Liotti, M., Woldorff, M. G., Perez, R., Mayberg, H. S. (2000). An ERP study of the temporal course of the Stroop color-word interference effect.? Neuropsychologia,? 38(5), 701-711.

Italian Definite Articles

In English, the definite article (larticolo determinativo) has only one form: the. In Italian, on the other hand, l’articolo determinativo has different forms according to the gender, number, and even the first letter of the noun or adjective it precedes. It’s meant to indicate a precise, quantifiable object or person. This makes learning definite articles a bit more complicated, but once you know the structure, it’s relatively simple to get used to. il quaderno e la penna - the notebook and pen: In this example, the definite articles are â€Å"il† and â€Å"la.†i ragazzi e le ragazze - the boys and girls: In this example, the definite articles are â€Å"i† and â€Å"le.† Heres a table with the definite articles. Singular Plural Masculine il, lo, l i, gli Feminine la, l le Sometimes the articles can be tricky to pronounce (especially â€Å"gli†). When To Use  Definite Articles Here is a list of general rules for when to use definite articles. 1. Lo (pl. gli) is used before masculine nouns beginning with s consonant or z, like â€Å"lo zaino - the backpack† or â€Å"gli scoiattoli - the squirrels†. You will also see â€Å"lo† being used with masculine nouns that begin with â€Å"gn,† like â€Å"lo gnomo.† Here are some examples. lorologio—gli orologi watch—watcheslamico—gli amici friend—friends lo yoga   yogalo yogurt yogurtlo specchio—gli specchi mirror—mirrorslo stadio—gli stadi stadium—stadiumslo psicologo—gli psicologi psychologist—psychologistslo zero—gli zeri zero—zeros NOTE: there are a few exceptions: il dio—gli dà ¨i god—godsper lo meno at leastper lo pià ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  mostly 2. Il (pl. i) is used before masculine nouns beginning with all other consonants, like â€Å"il cibo - the food† or â€Å"i vestiti - the clothes.† 3. L’ (pl. gli) is used before masculine nouns beginning with a vowel, like â€Å"l’aeroporto - the airport,† 4. La (pl. le) is used before feminine nouns beginning with any consonant, like â€Å"la borsa - the purse† or â€Å"le scarpe - the shoes.† Here are some examples: la stazione—le stazioni train station—train stationsla zia—le zie aunt—auntslamica her friendlautomobile the car 5. L’ (pl. le) is used before feminine nouns beginning with a vowel, like â€Å"l’amica - the friend† or â€Å"le donne - the women.† The article agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies and is repeated before each noun. la Coca–Cola e l’aranciata - the Coke and orangeadegli italiani e i giapponesi - the Italians and the Japanesele zie e gli zii - the aunts and unclesle zie e il nonno - the aunts and the grandfather The first letter of the word immediately following the article determines the article’s form. Compare the following: il giorno (the day) → l’altro giorno (the other day)lo zio (the uncle) → il vecchio zio (the old uncle)i ragazzi (the boys) → gli stessi ragazzi (the same boys)l’amica (the girl  friend) → la nuova amica (the new girl friend) Tips When Using Definite Articles In Italian, the definite article must always be used before the name of a language, except when the verbs parlare (to speak) or studiare (to study) come before the name of the language; in those cases, its up to you whether you want to use it or not. Studio l’italiano. - I study Italian.Studio italiano e arabo. - I study Italian and Arabic.Parlo italiano. - I speak Italian.Parlo l’italiano e il russo. - I speak Italian and Russian.Parlo bene l’italiano. - I speak Italian well. The definite article is also used before the days of the week  to indicate a repeated, habitual activity. Domenica studio. - I’m studying on Sunday. → Marco non studia mai la domenica. - Marco never studies on Sundays.Il lunedà ¬ vado al cinema (ogni lunedà ¬). - On Mondays, I go to the movies.On Monday I go to the movies. (Every Monday)Cosa fai di solito il giovedà ¬? - What do you usually do on thursday evenings?Di solito vado a giocare a carte con i miei nonni -   On thursday, usually I go and play cards with my grandparents. Finally, another common situation where the definite article is used is with telling the time. Notice here though that the article is combined with a preposition making something called an articulated preposition. Mi sono svegliato all’una. - I woke up at one.Vado a scuola alle dieci. - I’m going to school at ten. You can use it to indicate a category or a species in a generic sense: Il cane à ¨ il miglior amico delluomo (tutti i cani). - Dog is mans best friend (all dogs).Luomo à ¨ dotato di ragione. - Man is endowed with reason. (To talk about â€Å"every man†) Or to indicate a particular thing or an object: Hai visto il film? (quel film) - Have you seen the movie? (that movie)Hai visto il professore? - Have you seen the professor?Mi hanno rubato il portafogli. - They stole my wallet.Non trovo pià ¹ le scarpe. - I can’t find my shoes. You’ll also want to use it when preceding possessive pronouns: Lauto di Carlo à ¨ nuova, la mia no. - Charless car is new, but mine isnt. Or with geographical destinations, like: continents: lEuropacountries: lItaliaregions: la Toscanalarge islands: la Siciliaoceans: il Mediterraneolakes: il Gardarivers: il Pomountains: il Cervino (the Matterhorn) And finally, with parts of the body: Mi fa male la testa.—My head hurts. Definite Articles with Names Use definite articles with the last names of famous female celebrities: la Garbola Loren With all surnames in the plural: i Verrigli Strozzi With nicknames and pseudonyms: il Barbarossail Grisoil Canalettoil Caravaggio With proper names used without any specification: Mario but: il signor Mario With the last names of famous or well-known male characters, if not preceded by an adjective or title: Mozart but: il grande Mozart NOTE: There are instances in which the definite article is used, especially when referring to Italian writers: il Petrarcail Manzoni

Essay about deployment flow chart - 1256 Words

â€Å"The clinical microsystem is the place where patients, families, and caregivers meet. It is the lotus of value creation in healthcare.†(Nelson, Batalden, et.al, 2011) Lilly Walden describes herself as an active, athletic, and healthy woman. In her mid-forties she continues to run 2–3 miles 5 days per week. Lilly is married with three children and is employed by the local school district as a speech therapist. Lilly describes herself as health-conscious. Her diet is balanced, and she is a nonsmoker and drinks wine on rare social occasions. Lilly has a history of asthma, triggered by environmental changes, and it typically requires antibiotic therapy for bronchial infections 2–3 times per year. This presentation will review the following:†¦show more content†¦There has to be shared decision making between the family members and educate them about treatment of the patient since they will be helping take care of the patient. Acute illnesses often disrupt the patient, family members and the clinical microsystem that has to take care of the patient because of the rapid onset in such a short time. What disruption has this acute illness caused for the patient and family members? Lilly has to miss work because all over a sudden she is not feeling well and decides she needs to go see her doctor for more clarification. Her children have to be taken care of and therefore Tom her husband calls her sister to help with the kids on short notice, Lilly has to stay in the hospital longer because she develops pneumonia postoperatively and thus her supervisor has to be notified. After she is discharged she prepares for a slow recovery back to health and follow up with different doctors. How has this illness disrupted the clinical microsystem? Even if they always have to be prepared for an emergency happening anytime, there is disruption at the office. Dr. Woods has to be interrupted while she is with another patient, she has to call for an ambulance and the other patients have to wait on her for a while, while she deals with the emergency or reschedule for another day. The symptoms that Lilly is experiencing include the following: ï€ ª Pain in herShow MoreRelatedApplication Of Uml Using Uml Diagrams Used At Each Stage Of The Software Development Process1140 Words   |  5 Pagesdocumenting the artifacts of software systems. UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints. UML is used to model software systems but it is not limited to that boundary it is also used to model non software systems as well like process flow. We can also generate codes in various languages using UML diagrams. UML has relation with object oriented analysis and design later it becomes an object management group. 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Christianity And The Islamic Faith Essay - 1837 Words

Death is inevitable, we cant change the fact only accept it, what we can choose is our faith, who and what we believe in. Each religion is different they all have a different take and belief in what happens to us and our souls after we die. In this report I am focusing on two different religions and what they believe happens during life after death. My two religions are Catholicism and Islam. In the Islamic religion, beliefs are a key staple in their religion, there is a quote in the Quran stating that Righteous is he who believes in Allah and the Last Day and the Angels and the Scriptures and the Prophets (2:177). This quote outline the most important doctrines in the islamic faith. The islamic faith teaches that there is one god which is a monotheistic view on the world. The religion is held up by the 6 articles of faith, they are the belief in Allah, Angels, divine books, prophets, day of judgement and the Allah’s predestination. Their faith was founded by a mann named Mohammed in 610 A.D during his time a polytheism belief has in place, meaning the people worships and prayed to more than one god. Mohammed had a vision of an angel telling him â€Å"There is only one God, and His name is Allah. Worship Him.† This is what started the Islamic religion and the now monotheistic belief of the muslim people. Just like the other religions the Muslims aisles have a sacred book called the Quran they believe that the Quran was sent to Mohammed by Allah through an angel. In theShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast The Three Pillars Of Islam1157 Words   |  5 PagesChristian Beliefs In Islam and Christianity, there are similar and different beliefs and practices. In Islam, the five pillars form the core of the religion. Muslims go about their lives abiding by these pillars (â€Å"Islam†). In Christianity, there are not necessarily pillars, but there are commandments that one should live their life by (â€Å"Christianity†). 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Entrepreneurship and Importance of Growing Firms -myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theEntrepreneurship and Importance of Growing Firms. Answer: Entrepreneurship is the process of executing the innovative ideas for the betterment of the society and economy. It is considered as the key for generating wealth, employment and economic growth; a tool for decreasing poverty and unemployment. Entrepreneurship is inspired to stimulate growth because it is substitute to unemployment and the direction to abscond the poverty. The growth of the firms depends on entrepreneur as they make the innovative strategy and policy to achieve the objectives. Entrepreneurial firms are also very helpful in regional development by providing direct or indirect support in lifting up the regional economy. Entrepreneurship is very crucial to any economy. The objectives of this study are to discuss about the role of entrepreneurship in the economic development through various ways and the entrepreneurial firms potential for growth, relation between entrepreneurship and management and major objective is that entrepreneurship plays an important role in the g rowth of economy and living standard of the country (Toma and Marinescu, 2014). Entrepreneurship majorly supports the growth of economy by decreasing the unemployment in the country by providing jobs. Entrepreneurship is the act of creating a business or businesses with the motive of generating profit. The meaning of entrepreneurship is very complicated. Entrepreneurship involves person who take actions for transformation of the world by solving huge problems that many struggle with each day, or raise something comprehensive that advances society. Entrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual assess, determine and exploits a business opportunity (Volery and Mazzarol, 2015). An entrepreneur is the one who take the idea and execute on it instead of just had an idea stuck in the mind. Entrepreneurship is about execution of ideas. Entrepreneurs have exceptional ability and extraordinary powers, their talents include being intelligent, innovative and ambitious. They repeatedly take action to make sure progress of the world, they observes issues in the business environment and instantly focuses on thinking about the solution (Drucker, 2014). They want to provide solutions to the society for day to day problems to improve and take forward their society. Whether they create jobs for decreasing the unemployment or by creating new products or also by providing innovative services, they execute their innovative ideas for the worlds progress. Entrepreneurs are very important in society as they put efforts on their own to improve society. Entrepreneurs are the ones who create jobs (Naude, 2014). Their motive to continue their business growth is for creating new jobs, so that it could be helpful in decreasing unemployment because if the business is growing then they would require more employees. Entrepreneurs create changes in the society as they see opportunity everywhere and this talent to see many options in different situations is very censorious. They usually take risks but that does not mean to be spontaneous with risks of business, so they execute their ideas with proper planning, strategy, analysing and observing the advantages and disadvantages. An effect ive entrepreneur enhances the capacity and potential of decision makers to make most appropriate decision for business. A business can adopt the entrepreneurship by looking at some major factors, like; vision, mission and strategy of the business, culture and structure of the organization, knowledge and creative management, technology management, effective and ethical leadership, managing the risks and core competencies (Decker, et al., 2014). They are generally faster to approach the market with entire new technologies; this is very helpful in taking society forward towards growth. Entrepreneurs are helpful in balancing regional development as when they establish their new business in backward and less developed area; then they are lifting regional economies in both direct and indirect manner because when the businesses and industries grow in these areas then this would instigate infrastructure enhancement, such as better roads and rail links, airports, stable electricity power and water supply, schools, hospitals, shopping malls and other public and private services that would not otherwise be available. Innovative mind set and personality is the vital role of an entrepreneur, innovation is the process of executing the creative ideas and experimentation by launching new products, technologies and services in a different manner. It represents the firms likelihood to attract and hold up new ideas through creativity and experimentation that would help in developing new products, services and technologies. Entrepreneurs are supposed to work actively by implementin g their creative ideas productively before their competitors (Galindo and Mendez, 2014). They are proactive in nature; they set some parameters and make sure that they are following the same for achieving goals. They know that if something needs to be done, they should begin it themselves. Entrepreneurs are highly motivated for achievements, in this a person with the motive of achievement would be an entrepreneur and when highly motivated actions are implemented then result comes that is entrepreneurship. The requirement for achievement is the feature for describing economic behaviour or people. In the hope of achievement, entrepreneurs perform things in different and new ways which are better. If someone is facing any problem in the organisation then the entrepreneur individually take the ownership of the work to find the resolution of the problem and fix it in a better way. They are very dedicated towards their plans, visions and dreams; this kind of behaviour towards the organisa tion is very beneficial for whole business. A positive point of view is necessary for an entrepreneur; one should not get demotivated because of past failures and disappointments. Entrepreneur is the one who is very talented in monetary management because without financial support one cannot enhance business for long term, so they take updates every month and make sure that it is going in the same way in which they had planned. Risk taking is the key feature of entrepreneurship because without taking risk or if one is scared of taking risk then they cannot implement or execute their ideas to achieve their goals (Putta, 2015). Entrepreneurs are recognised by their behaviour of risk taking as they have this inbuilt nature of taking chance but they take risk with productive and reflective strategy. They make a well-articulated strategic orientation for future and long term growth. Entrepreneurial manager tries to initiate the creative ideas of the organisation with the effective and efficient use of resources. Entrepreneurs firstly develop the idea and business concept then raise principal for starting up the business; they hire the employees for gathering a productive and loyal team. They make innovative strategies to compete with the competitors, then they implement the strategies and analyse regularly to look if the plan is effective and productive then they it would help business in growth. Entrepreneurship is improving the quality of life in the society through balancing the development in economy and finance (Wright, 2015). Entrepreneurs think with the societys point of view and analyse the needs and wants of the society and then plan to fulfil the need of their communities and societies; this would help an entrepreneur to contribute to the development of society. They also plan with the motive of creating financial wealth. Growth of the organisation is major priority of the one who makes the policies. There is consequently an anxious scrutiny in achieving more knowledge about the policy which helps in the growth of firm in better conditions. Growth of the organisation is major priority of the one who makes the policies. There is consequently an anxious idea in achieving more knowledge about the policy which helps in the growth of firm in better conditions. High growth enterprise is defined as; all those enterprises which have their average annualized growth greater than twenty percentages per annum, over a three-year period. Growth is determined by the number of employees and by annual turnover (Covin and Wales, 2012). Entrepreneurship is inspired through the contingency sustained by the innovative and creative ideas and knowledge created. Entrepreneur is the one who completely utilize their knowledge for commercialisation in organisational context. Economic performances are influenced directly from hi gh growth firms through transformation, employment and productivity extension; on the other hand economic and social outcomes have vaster consequences. The successful entrepreneurial firms leave the spill over outcome on the development of other organisations and also on the regional economic and social consequences. When entrepreneurs are confused with their innovative ideas then they opt to do experiments for knowing the possibility of success. Entrepreneurship and experimentation are related to each other as entrepreneurs firstly experiment their innovative ideas and analyse after some time about the growth and profit in terms of cash flow, experiments are very helpful as they provide the information about the possibility of ultimate success. So, entrepreneurs get an idea of how to continue their business with the help of experiment (Kerr and Rodhes-Kroph, 2014). The impressive innovation and productivity in surviving firms are encouraged by the high growth firms which are favourably affected on the productivity as the resources of weaker firms are transferred to stronger firms. High growth organisations contribute to economic pe rformance. High growth firms are major innovators, these firms are calibre to perform and procure from victorious innovation. For the growth of the firm, it is very necessary to be innovative, innovative resources leads an organisation to grow two times faster. High growth firms are very important for economic performance, as they help in improving productivity by advancing the relocation of resources amongst firms and more quick entries and exits within their sectors. On the other hand, by including internal reformation within individual entrepreneurial firms get support to lift up multi factor productivity growth by external reformation within sectors. The firms which are growing very quickly, they are highlighting their contribution to the development of local resources which support in enhancing the productivity of other local firms (Koryak, et al., 2015). Entrepreneurial businesses are creative and innovative in nature, entrepreneurial business has more potential and they are more calibre in terms of growth as compared with small businesses. Entrepreneurial operations believe in creating their own mark ets with the help of their innovative ideas and strategies, hence they are not limited to existing markets. On the other hand, small business usually performs and operates in an initiated industry and they are known by their behaviour of operating within certain market; they perform in terms of particular locality (Lechner and Gudmundsson, 2014). Entrepreneurial businesses are potential for growth. Entrepreneurial ventures do not only focus on survival, profit and sales; they usually set some objectives and make strategies to achieve growth, targets, and better position in market (Smith and Tendai, 2014). Management and leadership are very prime characteristics for entrepreneurs to achieve success and growth. It is not mandatory that every managers or leaders are entrepreneur and in the same manner it is also not important that every entrepreneur have quality of management and leadership. In business it is very necessary to be productive enough to achieve the strategic objective and for this entrepreneurs have to own the talent of both, the entrepreneur and of the calibre manager. Entrepreneurs and managers both are essential for the success of the business as both the entrepreneurial and managerial functions are different from each other; and a business requires the strategies by each individual. Entrepreneurs usually perform in different manner; they are very innovative in nature so they think creative and then recognize the opportunities and plan innovative strategies for the growth of the business. On the other side, management is inclusive of various functions such as planning, organising, leading and controlling. Entrepreneurs are very much calibre to discover the best opportunities and establish the business. They also have to manage the diverse business functions such as accounts, production, marketing, administration, public relations and human resources. Business cannot be successful only with the innovative ideas and creative strategies, but it requires proper management to initiate the strategies in a particular manner to achieve the objectives and growth productively. A successful entrepreneurial firm is the combination of entrepreneur and manager, as management and entrepreneurship is related to each other. If an entrepreneur has the calibre of both the entrepren eur and management then this is the best combination of skills for the growth of business (Neffke, et al., 2018). It can be said that the entrepreneurs are with the qualities of speculation, coordination, arbitrations, observation, innovation and also with the good decision making quality. Entrepreneurship is very mandatory and beneficial for the economic growth of the country, it is not only necessary for the business itself. Entrepreneurs believe in the passion and they follow their passion. Entrepreneurship is very helpful in decreasing unemployment in the country as when an entrepreneur establishes a business, and then human capital is required to raise the company. Consequently it creates new job opportunities which lead to economic growth. When an entrepreneur starts a new business then at initial stage they usually sell their product or provide their services at very low prices; as this would help people to get the opportunity to try the service or to check the product and they get to know about the qualities of the product at reasonable price. In this way, entrepreneurship support in strengthening the economy of a country (Parker 2018). Entrepreneurship supports the country in being advanced through their creative ideas as when they bring new products and innov ative ideas to the market it makes the country advance in the fields of culture, science and technology. From the above essay it has been concluded that entrepreneurs are the one who are inclusive of talents such as innovative, intelligent and ambitious. They are the one who not only think about the innovative ideas, they execute the creative ideas. Entrepreneurship is not only about creative thinking but it also includes the execution of innovative ideas which make changes to the society and help people with the problems they face each day. Entrepreneurship creates job so it is very helpful in decreasing unemployment which would leads to economic growth. Due to entrepreneurs innovative approach, these entrepreneurial firms have more potential for growth than the small business. Entrepreneurial firms need effective and efficient management system along with the high degree of innovation and creativity. These firms cannot be successful only with the innovative ideas and creative strategies but it is required to manage these ideas and strategies in an appropriate and productive manner (De brulle 2016). Hence, an entrepreneur has to be a good manager for the growth of business. It has been concluded that with the innovative ideas and strategies one can enhance their local resources for the growth of the business. Entrepreneurial firms help in economic growth through transformation, employment and productivity extension. Hence, above study explained the role of entrepreneurial firms in the economy why entrepreneurs are important to any country. References Covin, J.G. and Wales, W.J. (2012) The measurement of entrepreneurial orientation.Entrepreneurship theory and practice,36(4), pp.677-702. Debrulle, J. (2016) The Role of Entrepreneurship in the Context of Career Trajectories: Moving Back into Wage Employment or into Unemployment?.Labour,30(2), pp.180-197. Decker, R., Haltiwanger, J., Jarmin, R. and Miranda, J. (2014) The role of entrepreneurship in US job creation and economic dynamism.Journal of Economic Perspectives,28(3), pp.3-24. Drucker, P. (2014)Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Galindo, M.. and Mndez, M.T. (2014) Entrepreneurship, economic growth, and innovation: Are feedback effects at work?.Journal of Business Research,67(5), pp.825-829. Kerr, W.R., Nanda, R. and Rhodes-Kropf, M. (2014) Entrepreneurship as experimentation.Journal of Economic Perspectives,28(3), pp.25-48. Koryak, O., Mole, K.F., Lockett, A., Hayton, J.C., Ucbasaran, D. and Hodgkinson, G.P. (2015) Entrepreneurial leadership, capabilities and firm growth.International Small Business Journal,33(1), pp.89-105. Lechner, C. and Gudmundsson, S.V. (2014) Entrepreneurial orientation, firm strategy and small firm performance.International Small Business Journal,32(1), pp.36-60. Naud, W. (2014) Entrepreneurship and economic development.International Development. Ideas, Experiences and Prospects. Neffke, F., Hartog, M., Boschma, R. and Henning, M. (2018) Agents of structural change: the role of firms and entrepreneurs in regional diversification.Economic Geography,94(1), pp.23-48. Parker, S.C. (2018)The economics of entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press. Putta, S.S. (2014) Improving entrepreneur's management skills through entrepreneurship training.Journal of Commerce and Management Thought,5(3), p.459. Smith, W. and Tendai, C. (2014) Entrepreneurship, economic growth and entrepreneurship theories. Mediterranean journal of social sciences, 5. Toma, S.G., Grigore, A.M. and Marinescu, P. (2014) Economic development and entrepreneurship.Procedia Economics and Finance,8, pp.436-443. Volery, T. and Mazzarol, T. (2015) The evolution of the small business and entrepreneurship field: A bibliometric investigation of articles published in the International Small Business Journal.International Small Business Journal,33(4), pp.374-396. Zahra, S.A. and Wright, M. (2016) Understanding the social role of entrepreneurship.Journal of Management Studies,53(4), pp.610-629.

State Behavior the International System-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Does Power help us understand State Behaviour in the International System? Answer: Assistance of power, in understanding the state behaviour in the international systems Power is one of the most essential components in the context of international relations. Power is often defined as on actor in a social relationship, who is in the position of carrying out his own commands, along with ensuring followers, to follow his principles (Baylis, Owens and Smith 2017). The power in international relation is observed as a potential that is dependent on several factors such as geographical position and size, natural resources, population, tangible resources such as industrial development, employment and technical advancements, along with intangible resources such as national image, public support, leadership, loyalty of the citizens of the country (Adler-Nissen and Pouliot 2014). The modern concept of international power defines both economic and military power. Power, as a concept gets least attention in the international theory. The various types of power and its uses on the international relations have been highlighted in this assignment. The role of power, in understanding the international systems has been shed light upon, in this assignment. While studying international relations, development of various terms such as hard power, soft power, smart power, institutional power, compulsive power, productive power has been defined. However, the concept of power has two dimensions (Finnemore 2009). This includes the kinds of social relations through which the capabilities are affected, and the specificity of the social relations (Berenskoetter and Williams 2007). However, for the social theorists, social relations are viewed as the relations of the interactions among the earlier constituted social actors and the relations of constitution of actors as specific kinds of social beings. The expression of power, whether it is interaction or constitutional, has a major significance. One of the positions of this dimension treats the relations as actions of pre-constituted social actors with each other in the society. In this dimension, the role of power is either through behavioural relations or social interactions (Berenskoetter and Williams 2007). The other dimension consists of the social relations of constitution. In this case, the power works through social relations. However, the constitutional relations cannot be reduced to the actions or interactions, of the actors. According to Barnett and Duvall (2005), power is irreducibly social. The distribution of the power and its display in the international relations are as follows: The first system is the hemonic system in which there is only one dominant power (Finnemore 2009). For example, today the world is under the hegemonic state with the US being sole military power. Moreover, the world also sees US as the economic super power. The second system is power distribution is the bipolarity system where two superpowers dominate their power. For example, the period following the Second World War could be called the period of bipolarity as during this period, there were two major powers which dominated the world, namely United States and Soviet Union (Finnemore 2009). The third kind of power distribution is the multipolarity in which more than two dominant or superpowers exert their power in the world. For example, the situation, following the Peace of Westphalia or the Treaty of Westphalia in the year 1648, was considered to be multipolar (Finnemore 2009). Use of power capabilities The wide variety of the capabilities, which are related to power, is not enough. These capabilities need to be used in order to alter the behavior of other people. Since power has a key role to play, in the international relations, hence the use of power has to be done effectively. The power is dependent on various factors such as the geographical position and location (Barnett and Duvall 2005). Moreover, the acquisition of the natural resources, the population of the country, along with the tangible and intangible resources that are possessed by the nation has a major role to play (Drezner 2009). For example, US is highly developed in technological fields, along with education, healthcare, space research. The countries in the United States are called the first world countries, since they possess power, knowledge as well as natural resources. Thus, the US is often seen as an epitome of power in the international relations. In the modern world, the role of power is seen within a globalized international system. Countries like USA were found to fight alone during the 2003 Iraq invasion. This was done by the display of military measures of power. Globalization is also seen as a US-dominated phenomenon because it is exercising its power positively. The sanction of the international economic sanctions acts as a useful tool to support authoritarian government in exercising international norms (Kahler 2015). Hence, globalization has acted as a source for hegemonic stateies to display economic supremacy by ignoring human rights and other standard norms. Therefore hegemonic countries impose their believe to rest of the world and other cultures struggle with the rules because they are not equipped economically and militarily and they are compelled to agree with the rule. Moreover, using their economic and military capacity to enforce these rules. For example, United Nations Security council, World Bank, IMF are some of the institutions that hold vast power in IR. Since they were created by United States (US) it gives extra advantage to the US over other states and more authority compared to other states. The power capabilities The power capabilities, that establishes a country at the top of the power pyramid includes the military power, political power, economic power as well as the social power. Military capabilities The power, as defined in the international relations often refers to the military power that a nation possesses. The military weapons and armed forces that a country possesses often highlight the power in a country (Barnett and Duvall 2005). The possession of the nuclear power and large standing army is often highlighted as the face of power in the international relations. Economic capabilities Along with the possession of the military capabilities, the economic capabilities also highlight the display of the international power. Economic strength is one of the major strengths that is possessed by a country, in order to be a leader in the international power world (Drezner 2009). Another measurement that highlights the economic capability of a country in the international market is the gross domestic product (GDP) (Dahl 1957). The total market value of all the goods and services that are produced within the country often highlights the economic strength and capabilities of a country, thus giving the country power. Political capabilities A strong political background, with no or less opposition from the other political parties, will ensure the possession of power in the world. Moreover, countries that are politically unstable will not be able to stand up and protect other countries, during periods of crisis. Hence, political stability and strength has a key role to play in the international relations. Thus, it could be concluded that power has a significant role to play in the identification of the state behavior in the international relations. The possession of military power, economic power, and political power highlights the state behavior in the international relations, in the world. The example of the display of power by hegemonic countries like USA has revealed how globalization has played a role in illustration of power to the world. The power in international relationship has been mainly fulfilled due to strong military and economic capacities of strong countries. Such strengths give extra power to countries to rule the world and engage in international relationship with other countries. References Adler-Nissen, R. and Pouliot, V., 2014. Power in practice: Negotiating the international intervention in Libya. European journal of international relations, 20(4), pp.889-911. Barnett, M. and Duvall, R., 2005. Power in international politics. International organization, 59(1), pp.39-75. Baylis, J., Owens, P. and Smith, S. eds., 2017.The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Berenskoetter, F. and Williams, M.J. eds., 2007. Power in world politics. Routledge. Dahl, R.A., 1957. The concept of power. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 2(3), pp.201-215. Drezner, D.W., 2009. The power and peril of international regime complexity. Perspectives on politics, 7(1), pp.65-70. Finnemore, M., 2009. Legitimacy, hypocrisy, and the social structure of unipolarity. World Politics, 61(1), pp.58-85. Kahler, M. ed., 2015.Networked politics: agency, power, and governance. Cornell University Press.